What is a GIS?ما
هو نظم المعلومات الجغرافية Geographic
Information System
؟
A GIS, or Geographic Information System,
is a powerful computer software for managing all sorts of information according
to precise geographical location. هو برنامج كمبيوتر الهدف منه
الجمع بين عناصر الخرائط الجغرافية و بيانات تلك العناصر و
GIS
ممكن ان يكون خريطة للحي او المجاورة السكنية او حتي المدينة كلها و لكنه يختلف عن
الخريطة العادية من حيث ان كل عنصر ( شارع –طريق
- نهر .........)يحتوي علي Database
Table Or Chart
و ايضا تكون الخريطة
مقسمة المجموعة من layers
وكل layer
يحتوي علي استعمالات
الاراضي و الحدود و قنوات الموارد المائية و ............ المصادر
التي يمكن الحصول منها علي خرائط GIS :-1-
من شبكة المعلومات On-Line Maps
2- من مصادر برنامج ArcView Data
- Wisconsin
Land Information Board list of GIS resources in Wisconsin,
including DOT, DOA, Counties and others. Many can be downloaded directly
to your computer. For local data, contact your County Land Information
Office or Regional Planning Office
3- من الخرائط الورقية Paper Maps 4-
بعض المواقع علي internet
التي تحتوي علي معلومات خاصة بـ GIS :-1-
ESRI[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]2-
Working With Maps (USGS)[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]3-
The National Atlas of the United States[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]4-
UW Land Information and Computer Graphics Facility (LICGF)[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]مثال علي
استخدام نظام GIS في الخرائط :-·
الخريطة المبينة لمدينة Vermont
town
منتجة باستخدام ArcView
GIS 3.2
·
البيانات الموجود بالخريطة تم ادخالها بحاسب
الي متقدم بالمواصفات الاتية :-1-Dell Precision
410 with dual 400 MHz processors .
2- 512 MB
of RAM .
3-a 32 MB
Diamond Fire GL1 AGP video card .
4- This computer
was running Windows NT 4.0 .
5- Service Pack
6a.
6- Printing was done on an Epson Stylus 3000 at 720 dpi using
Epson drivers .
7- ArcPress for
ArcInfo.
**
الخطوات الفنية لادخال البيانات في البرنامج :-1.
After starting ArcView GIS, loading the
ArcView Spatial Analyst and XTools extensions, and creating a new project, two
themes were added to a new view. One contained digital elevation model (DEM)
data for the area, and the other, town.shp, showed the township boundaries.
2.
A rectangle was drawn on the view a
little larger than the final map area using the ArcView GIS rectangle drawing
tool. The XTools Graphic to Shape tool was used to convert the graphic
rectangle to a shapefile. The rectangle encompassing the final map area was
converted to a shapefile called maparea.shp and added to the view. (
View
illustration.)
1.
After choosing the Union Polygons tool
from the XTools menu, maparea.shp and town.shp were combined into a new
shapefile called mapunion.shp that contained both polygons from the source
shapefiles.
2.
With mapunion.shp active, the table for
the mapunion.shp theme was opened and made editable by choosing Table >
Start Editing. A new field named elevation field was added by choosing Edit
> New Field. This new field was specified as numeric with no decimal point.
3.
In the view, the town boundary polygon
in the mapunion.shp theme was selected using the Select Feature tool. Returning
to the mapunion table, a value of 10,000 (an elevation higher than any in the
DEM theme) was inserted in the elevation field for the selected town boundary
polygon. The elevation field for the other polygon was left with the default
value of 0. The town polygon was unselected. After choosing Table > Stop
Editing, the edits were saved.
4.
After making the mapunion.shp theme
active, Theme > Convert to Grid was chosen. The output grid was named
addgrid and was given the same cell size as the DEM. No fields were joined, and
addgrid was added to the view. (
View
illustration.)
5.
The DEM theme was made active, and
Surface > Compute Hillshade was selected to generate a hillshade of the DEM
theme. The Map Calculator in ArcView Spatial Analyst was used to add the two
grids together. The resulting files was saved as mapgrid.
6.
After loading two custom palettes from
the
DDV's
ShadeMax Color Set, the SM01 Arizona Ochre and SM07 Smack Dab, a narrow
range of very light colors from SM01 Arizona Ochre palette was used for
elevations less than 10,000 feet. Above 10,000 feet the darker colors from SM07
Smack Dab were used for contrast. For more information on using the DDV's
ShadeMax Color Set, see
"New Color
System Enhances Relief Maps" in the January–March issue of
ArcUsermagazine. (
View
illustration.)
7.
The hillshade previously created was
added as a brightness theme by clicking on the Advanced button in the Legend
Editor. In the Advanced Options dialog, the DEM hillside was selected from the
drop-down box as the brightness theme, the minimum cell brightness was set to
90, and the maximum cell brightness was set to 100. Clicking OK applied these
settings.
الاستنتاج Conclusion
مما سبق :- AutoCAD MapOverviewAutoCAD Map
هو برنامج من AutoCAD
مصصم لمحترفي رسم الخرائط و يستخدم في تصدير و استيراد المعلومات
من CAD
systems or GIS
مثل ESRI
و Microstation
و و
الوصلات المباشرة للمعطيات الخارجية لـــdatabases
مثل Oracle
SQL, FoxPro, Paradox,ODBC ODBC
و ايضا قواعد المعلومات المسايرة للنظام . **** المميزات
الرئيسية للبرنامج Main Features
- Multiple Map access allows work on
large data sets, multiple maps and multiple users.
- التعامل مع الخرائط و
العمل في معلومات كثيرة علي اكثر من خريطة و مع اكثر من مستخدم
- Add intelligence to data with
property alteration and querying.
- اضافة تفكير جيد علي
التعديلات المحتملة علي المعلومات المدخلة
- Thematic Presentation and plotting.
- تقديم جيد علي
الطباعة
- Map creation and cleanup.
- انشاء الخرائط و
تعديلها
- GIS spatial analysis
- تحليل حيزي لــــ GIS
- Data integration
- توحيد المعلومات
- Data import/export engine including
Micro station .DGN.
*****
تقنية الانترنت Internet Technology
- Publish to Web – Publish design
content directly to the Internet
- etransmit – Pack a drawing and all
associated files into a single transmittal set ready to email
- AutoCAD Map Today – Connect to the
Internet to Industry News while working in AutoCAD Map software.
- Meet Now – Collaborate online to
share your session and other programs with team members and clients
المعلومات المنشاة و
المنظمة باستخدام البرنامجSpatial
Data Creation and Organization with Autodesk Map
- Create maps with engineering
precision using improved digitizing, topology, and spatial data
management tools, including coordinate geometry (COGO). Identify, define,
and manipulate data more intuitively with classification.
- Annotate
objects and display attributes and properties without the need to run a
separate query.
- Editing
tools like rubbersheeting and edge and boundary trimming help you clean up
map data and automatically prepare topology.
- Vectorization
and raster manipulation tools aid in building an accurate database.
- Extract
geometry information using inverse/inquiry functionality.
- Integrate
legacy data via the enhanced FME-based Import/Export Engine.
- Attach
attribute information in Object Data or SQL tables while digitizing.
- Access
multiple maps stored in different projections with expanded support for
over 3,000 global coordinate systems.
موضوع: GIS 
الخميس 13 ديسمبر - 20:57
